[转]Leiden大学的历史

在网上看到的。挺有意思的。


莱顿大学

莱顿是荷兰的一个小城，位于阿姆斯特丹和海牙之间，在一般的世界地图上甚至可能找不到。对于大多数中国人来说，莱顿大学也许不如牛津、剑桥那样赫赫有名，但如果你知道荷兰的现任女王与前任女王都出自莱顿大学，你一定会对它充满敬意。莱顿大学出的名人可不少，像17世纪与牛顿齐名的科学巨匠惠更斯、20世纪初的物理学大师洛伦兹，爱因斯坦也曾担任了20多年的特邀教授，并在这里提出了他对宇宙的看法。

莱顿大学是欧洲最古老的大学之一。它的诞生富有传奇色彩。

1573年10月，在荷兰争取独立的斗争中表现突出的莱顿城，受到了西班牙军队的围困。城内弹尽粮绝，死伤近半，但居民誓死抵抗。次年，荷兰奥伦治亲王率军赶来援助，带领莱顿军民炸毁城市附近的堤坝，汹涌的洪水冲垮了西班牙军队的阵线，西班牙士兵落荒而逃。1574年10月3日，被围困一年的莱顿获得了解放。

为了表彰莱顿市民为自由而战、宁死不屈的精神，奥伦治亲王决定让莱顿居民选择，或者免除莱顿城的50年税收，或者在莱顿设立一所大学。当时荷兰全国没有一所大学，许多荷兰人要到欧洲的其他国家去求学，因此，建立一所自己的大学成了全体荷兰人民的迫切愿望。莱顿人毫不犹豫地选择了建校。

1575年2月8日，莱顿大学正式诞生。作为追求自由、解放的象征，该校将自己的校训定为“自由的堡垒”。

当时，整个欧洲都处在天主教的统治之下，几乎所有的大学都与教会有着千丝万缕的联系。然而,莱顿大学却完全是由市民设立的，在聘任教授时并不在意教师的宗教信仰，而是以无比魄力和博大的胸怀，吸纳了许多不为其他一些大学所容的优秀学者。在罗马天主教会逼迫伽利略放弃日心说时，莱顿大学却张开双臂欢迎他。几百年来，“容纳各种信仰和思想”,成为莱顿大学不变的宗旨。

从建校开始，莱顿大学就不惜重金招聘一流学者来校任教。1578年，他们从比利时鲁汶大学挖来了一位重量级人物利普西斯。利普西斯是当时欧洲一位重要的人文主义者,他的到来，使莱顿大学成了欧洲“新知识”的中心。一年后，法国的法学家多耐吕斯从德国的海德堡来到莱顿大学。1582年，《草药书》的作者多多纳斯离开维也纳宫廷，前来莱顿大学医学院。为了保证著名语言学家、法国古典学者斯卡利杰安全抵达莱顿，荷兰甚至特派舰队前往迎接。这些大师的到来，为莱顿大学带来了巨大的声誉，被称为“欧洲第一所新教大学”。

17世纪初是欧洲的中世纪大学转变为近代大学的重要历史时期，神学的主宰地位逐渐让给了科学。在这一过程中，莱顿大学充当了急先锋。这时的莱顿大学在自然科学与医学研究方面空前活跃，出现了惠更斯这样的科学巨匠。

1645年，惠更斯进入莱顿大学学习法律与数学，在这里打下了他一生科学研究的基础。惠更斯是数学概率论的创始人；在天文学上，他首先用望远镜发现了土星的一颗卫星——土卫六，并发现了土星光环；在物理学上，他建立了向心力定律，提出了动量守恒原理，还是光的波动学说的主要倡导者之一。他所发明的摆钟(被后人称为“惠更斯摆钟”)十分精密，使人类进入了一个新的计时时代。

随着荷兰经济和政治的崛起，莱顿大学也迅速发展，到17世纪40年代，已成为欧洲新教世界最大的大学。在20世纪初，莱顿大学最为人所知的，就是它的物理学研究。洛伦兹、范德瓦尔斯、卡末林•昂内斯、塞曼等一批物理学大师的出现，使莱顿大学成为世界性的现代物理学研究中心。在诺贝尔物理学奖头20年里的24名获得者中，出自莱顿大学的物理学家就有4人。

很不错啊!

其实不光是女王，皇室有从这儿毕业的传统...

顺便补充一点一般没人提的...

这儿不是有很多以May Flower命名的地方么。因为英国到新大陆的第一批移民乘坐的May Flower号，真正的启航地就是Leiden。五月花号启航之前，这一百多清教徒为了躲避英国国教会的迫害在这儿呆了整整十一年，有的还获得了市民权，进了行会，有自己的生意。当时他们的老处女女王大为光火，曾通过外交途径要求联省共和国交出这批“叛徒”，但是一个小小的莱顿市长居然就敢顶着压力把他们留了下来。其实这也不是偶然的，莱顿的在十六，七世纪长期收容欧洲各地来的被宗教迫害者，所以素有“国际避难地”的名声。因此，现在的莱顿种族构成非常多元，每逢Open Market你都能在集市上听到各种各样的方言。

再说那批英国人。他们在途中签署The Maylower Compact，宣誓为“拓展基督的信仰”而来新大陆（当然，这是自我美化...），然后在现在的马萨诸塞建立了第一个英国殖民地：Plymouth，熬过了最艰难的第一个冬天，所以现在的美国才会有Thanksgiving......三十年后，他们的领袖中有个才华横溢的William Bradford，把这段奋斗历程写成了一本非常经典的史学名著：Of Plymouth Platation。Plymouth的英国移民也由此成了美国的Pilgrim Fathers。有趣的是，这些美国人的信仰先驱们在荷兰耳濡目染了十一年，深受影响（包括当时莱顿大学自由的学术风气），便从莱顿照搬了很多民事管理方法，其中最有名的就是莱顿的婚姻登记制度。

恐怕正是因为这种历史，宗教，文化上深厚的渊源，现在莱顿大学在马萨诸塞州，尤其是Boston，名声颇佳，知名度远远超出世界平均水平(这一点是亲自验证过的)。

PS，还有一点也很有趣。如果你现在在U-Cat里查找那本Of Plymouth Platation，你会发现从1998年开始，它就不知所踪了.......

好贴，支持~~~~~~~~

师弟懂很多啊~
其他还有什么心得野史之类的， 也放上来分享吧~

Post by bard;3165021


从建校开始，莱顿大学就不惜重金招聘一流学者来校任教。1578年，他们从比利时鲁汶大学挖来了一位重量级人物利普西斯。利普西斯是当时欧洲一位重要的人文主义者,他的到来，使莱顿大学成了欧洲“新知识”的中心

这个可是文学院那栋楼 lipsuis的来源？

我只知道很多政界高人出自莱顿。。

如果这帖子有更多关于莱顿大学历史的讨论和分享的话， 可以考虑加精华哦~~

Post by LuciaFF;3166070
师弟懂很多啊~
其他还有什么心得野史之类的， 也放上来分享吧~

偶只是在网上闲逛的时候不小心看到的。
大家有兴趣可以在网上查下自己系的系楼的名字是怎么来的。

偶先来哈
Snellius building 的来历：

Willebrord Snellius[1] (born Willebrord Snel van Royen[2]) (1580–October 30, 1626, Leiden) was a Dutch astronomer and mathematician, most famous for the law of refraction now known as Snell's law.
Willebrord Snellius was born in Leiden, Holland. In 1613 he succeeded his father, Rudolph Snel van Royen (1546–1613) as professor of mathematics at the University of Leiden. In 1615 he planned and carried into practice a new method of finding the radius of the earth, by determining the distance of one point on its surface from the parallel of latitude of another, by means of triangulation. His work Eratosthenes Batavus ("The Dutch Eratosthenes"), published in 1617, describes the method and gives as the result of his operations between Alkmaar and Bergen op Zoom—two towns separated by one degree of the meridian—which he measured to be equal to 117,449 yards (107.395 km). The actual distance is approximately 111 km. Snellius was also a distinguished mathematician, producing a new method for calculating π—the first such improvement since ancient times. He discovered the law of refraction that is named after him in 1621. The lunar crater Snellius is also named after him.

An image from Tiphys Batavus.


In addition to the Eratosthenes Batavus, he published Cyclometria sive de circuli dimensione (1621), and Tiphys Batavus (1624). He also edited Coeli et siderum in eo errantium observationes Hassiacae (1618), containing the astronomical observations of Landgrave William IV of Hesse. A trigonometry (Doctrina triangulorum) authored by Snellius was published a year after his death.

顺便把Lorentz Center的也帖了。

Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (born July 18, 1853 in Arnhem, Netherlands; died February 4, 1928 in Haarlem, Netherlands) was a Dutch physicist who shared the 1902 Nobel Prize in Physics with Pieter Zeeman for the discovery and theoretical explanation of the Zeeman effect. He also derived the transformation equations subsequently used by Albert Einstein to describe space and time.
Contents

[hide]

• 1 Biography
  
  
  • 1.1 Early life
    
  • 1.2 Professor in Leiden
    
  • 1.3 Electrodynamics and "relativity"1.3.1 Assessments
    1.4 Later life
    
  • 1.5 Death and legacy
  2 See also
  
• 3 References
  
• 4 Further reading
  
  
  
  • 4.1 Biography
    
  • 4.2 Lorentz works
    
  • 4.3 Articles about Lorentz
  
  
• 5 External links

[edit] Biography


[edit] Early life

Hendrik Lorentz was born in Arnhem, Gelderland, son of Gerrit Frederik Lorentz (1822 – 1893), a shopkeeper, and Geertruida van Ginkel (1826 – 1861). In 1862, after his mother's death, his father married Luberta Hupkes. From 1866-1869 he attended the newly established high school in Arnhem, and in 1870 he passed the exams in classical languages which were then required for admission to University.
Lorentz studied physics and mathematics at the University of Leiden, where he was strongly influenced by the teaching of astronomy professor Frederik Kaiser; it was his influence that led him to become a physicist. After earning a bachelor's degree, he returned to Arnhem in 1872 to teach high school classes in mathematics, but he continued his studies in Leiden next to his teaching position. In 1875 Lorentz earned a doctoral degree under Pieter Rijke on a thesis entitled "Over de theorie der terugkaatsing en breking van het licht" (On the theory of reflection and refraction of light), in which he refined the electromagnetic theory of James Clerk Maxwell.
In 1881 Hendrik married Aletta Catharina Kaiser, niece of Frederik Kaiser. She was the daughter of Johann Wilhelm Kaiser, director of the Amsterdam's Engraving School and professor of Fine Arts, and designer of the first Dutch postage stamps (1852). Later Kaiser was the Director of the National Gallery of Amsterdam. Hendrik and Aletta's eldest daughter Geertruida Luberta Lorentz was to become a physicist as well.

[edit] Professor in Leiden

In 1878, only 24 years of age, Lorentz was appointed to the newly established chair in theoretical physics at the University of Leiden. On January 25 1878, he delivered his inaugural lecture on "De moleculaire theoriën in de natuurkunde" (The molecular theories in physics).
During the first twenty years in Leiden, Lorentz was primarily interested in the theory of electromagnetism to explain the relationship of electricity, magnetism, and light. After that, he extended his research to a much wider area while still focusing on theoretical physics. From his publications, it appears that Lorentz made contributions to mechanics, thermodynamics, hydrodynamics, kinetic theories, solid state theory, light, and propagation. His most important contributions were in the area of electromagnetism, the electron theory, and relativity.
Lorentz theorized that the atoms might consist of charged particles and suggested that the oscillations of these charged particles were the source of light. When colleague and former student of Lorentz Pieter Zeeman discovered the Zeeman effect in 1896, Lorentz supplied its theoretical interpretation. The experimental and theoretical work was honored with the Nobel prize in physics in 1902. Lorentz' name is now associated with the Lorentz-Lorenz formula, the Lorentz force, the Lorentzian distribution, and the Lorentz transformation.